A white tongue is often something we notice when checking our teeth in the mirror in the morning. While the sight can be worrying, it is often down to harmless build-up. Knowing what causes a white tongue can help us know when to simply make some lifestyle changes or when to see a professional.

The surface of the tongue has small bumps called papillae. These can easily trap food, bacteria and dead skin cells. This build up can cause a white tongue. Most cases can be resolved by making simple lifestyle changes however if the white patches remain they need to be carefully examined.

What Causes a White Tongue?

Can Poor Oral Hygiene Cause a White Tongue?

The most common cause of a white tongue is poor oral hygiene. The rough surface of the tongue can easily trap bacteria and food. If not cleaned regularly this will start to harden and create a white coating. Brushing your teeth won’t help as the tongue isn’t being cleaned.

Dehydration can also cause a white tongue. Our saliva is a natural cleanser in the mouth. However, if you are not drinking enough water the salivary glands won’t produce enough saliva. This causes dryness in the mouth and bacteria can rapidly grow. Drinking enough water and tongue scraping will prevent this from happening.

Can Common Infections Cause a White Tongue?

A fungal infection is a common cause of white tongue. Oral thrush can cause creamy white patches on the tongue and inside of the cheeks. This is caused by an overgrowth of candida yeast. It is commonly seen in babies, elderly people and those with a weak immune system or those taking broad spectrum antibiotics.

Benign migratory glossitis (geographic tongue) is a very common cause of white tongue. This is a harmless condition where red patches appear on your tongue with white lines around them. Although it looks worrying it won’t cause any long lasting health issues and will often go away on its own.

Can Chronic Irritation Cause White Patches on the Tongue?

Smoking and chewing large amounts of tobacco can cause irritation to the tongue. This causes damage to the cells in your mouth and can cause build up. Alcohol can also cause dryness in the mouth.

Sharp teeth, ill-fitting dentures or rough fillings can cause constant irritation to the tongue. This causes inflammation and thickening of the tissue which can cause white patches. Making sure there is no irritation will help prevent any discomfort.

Can Underlying Medical Conditions Cause a White Tongue?

Sometimes a white tongue can be a sign of underlying health issues. Chronic inflammatory conditions, immune deficiency and certain nutritional deficiencies can cause changes to the tongue. Low levels of iron or vitamin B can cause the tissue on your tongue to become more fragile.

Medication can also cause issues with your tongue. Antibiotics can cause imbalance in the natural bacteria in your mouth causing fungi to flourish. Steroids can also cause suppression in the immune system increasing your risk of infection. Talking to a professional about your medication can help identify this as the cause.

When Should You See a Professional About a White Tongue?

Most white tongues can be resolved by improving your brushing habits and ensuring you are drinking enough water. However, if the white patches cannot be scraped off, are bleeding or last for longer than 2 weeks then you should book an appointment. Severe pain, burning or difficulty swallowing means there is a more serious medical issue. Professionals can investigate the cause of your white tongue with targeted examination and tests so you can receive the correct anti-fungal treatment or medical treatment.

How Can You Prevent a White Tongue?

Keeping your mouth clean will prevent most white tongues. Simply making a few changes to your daily routine will keep your tongue pink and healthy.

  • Brush your teeth twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste.

  • Gently clean your tongue daily with a tongue scraper or your toothbrush.

  • Ensure you drink lots of water throughout the day.

  • Try to limit your intake of sugary foods and drinks.

  • Give up smoking and limit your alcohol intake.

  • Attend regular check-ups with your dentist.

What Should You Know About a White Tongue?

A white tongue is usually due to build up of debris, dehydration or slight bacterial changes. Making simple lifestyle changes will often help clear your tongue however knowing when to seek medical attention for persistent symptoms will ensure you look after your long term health.